Comparison of domestic ESCs with Taser CEW family 26. 3 Watt ESCs – weak?
Currently, electroshock devices (hereinafter referred to as ESCs) manufactured on the territory of the Russian Federation are divided into two large classes:
civilian self–defense weapons for individuals or "civilian" ESCs [1],
special means for law enforcement officers or "official" ESCs [2].
The terms "civilian" and "service" ESH are not entirely correct (ESH do not refer to service weapons), but for convenience of description we will use these terms.
The output parameters of the "civilian" ESU are regulated by GOST 50940-96 [3], and special equipment – OST 78.01.0009-2002 [4].
In accordance with [3], the average power of exposure to ESH for citizens should not exceed 3 watts.
Similar parameters for "service" ESCs are three times higher (30 J for the maximum exposure time and, accordingly, 10 watts).
Many people suspect that civilian 3-watt ESCs have such a weak effect on offenders that their use is simply unsafe for users (the attacker will not be stunned, but will get angry and attack the user with a vengeance).
In addition, there is a rumor that American "tasers" (or "tasers", who transcribes how) much more powerful than our ESUS, for example, allegedly CEW (Conducted Energy Weapon – ESU) models Taser M26, Taser X26E, Taser X26P have an impact power of 26 watts, which is reflected in their names, i.e. much higher than the ESU produced in the Russian Federation.
We propose to deal with these issues on the merits.
Comparison of domestic ESCs with Taser CEW family 26.
In the USA, the output power (output energy) given to the load of the ASH (target) is not regulated at all! The output parameters of the ESU are estimated by determining the average exposure current at a load resistance of 600 ohms or (equivalently) the electric charge given to this load (the electric charge is calculated as the integral of the exposure current over the exposure time). Therefore, references to an output power of 26 watts are untenable, since it is never measured (or even calculated) by either the manufacturer or the scientific laboratories conducting the ESU tests.
Indeed, in the literature it is sometimes possible to find an indication of the power of 26 watts of the Taser M26 product, however, this refers to a certain "Internal Power Rating" associated with energy consumption from the ESU (battery) power source*, and not the power of the high-voltage current pulse given to the load (which we are talking about when we give the parameters of domestic ESCs). By the way, it is difficult in the literature, but you can also find an indication of the power in the load, which for the Taser M26 is 10 watts, and for the Taser X26 is 1.3 Watts (with "internal power" already 7 watts, not 26 watts) [5].
Comparison of domestic ESCs with Taser CEW family 26
At the same time, the Taser X26, according to the manufacturers themselves, is a much more effective device (in the sense of providing temporary damage to the target), since it uses a different form of current pulses. But this is a completely different story.…
Thus, these 26 watts are just the "beauty" of the translation into Russian or some kind of advertising trick, which will be proved below.
[6] provides data on measuring the output parameters of the Taser X26P ESH (the P index means "intended for use by the police", therefore its output parameters are higher than those of civilian ESH).
[7] shows the calculation data (not measurements!) the average power and energy of the Taser ASH exposure based on the data [6]. For the Taser X26P ASHU, the average output power is 1.25 watts, and the energy given off during the maximum exposure time (for this product - 5 seconds, not 3 seconds, allowed in the Russian Federation) is 6.25 J. If we assume that the exposure time is also 3 seconds, then this parameter will be even less, namely 3.75 J!
Thus, even Taser family police ESCs have significantly lower power output compared to Russian civilian ESCs.
It should be noted that even with this power, the probability of temporary injury (immobilization) of an offender or attacker in these ESCs at distances of 1 ...5 m is very high, even higher than in firearms (long-term statistics on the use of ESCs by police officers in the United States confirm this, see, for example, [8]).
Why, nevertheless, a reliable temporary defeat of the target occurs with such a small energy is another question, for example, there is a consideration that such an effect is provided not only by the shape and amplitude of current pulses, but also by the geometric volume of their propagation (the so–called "set of current paths" in the target body [9]). Perhaps that is why all American remote ESCs** (contact ESCs are not currently manufactured in the USA) are designed so that the discrepancy between the probes on the target is at least 30...40 cm.
In Russian ESH and DESH, the distance between the output (combat) electrodes or between the probes is strictly regulated in [3,4]: no more than 40 mm between the electrodes and 300 mm between the probes. Perhaps that is why their output power should be higher than that of American ESCs (to obtain the desired damaging effect).
Comparison of domestic ESCs with Taser CEW family 26
So, the output power and energy of Russian–made civilian ESCs significantly exceed similar parameters of US-made ESCs, and the American supposedly 26 watts is nothing more than a fake.
For an example of similar fakes, let's recall that Chinese ASHU advertise like this: "Stun guns with an output voltage of 500,000 volts, 1 million volts..." etc. Cool, right? But it absolutely does not correspond to reality, since they do not even have 100 KV (usually 50 ... 60 KV), and the output current (in fact, it is the high–voltage pulse current that affects the target) is scanty and it does not have a real effect on the target.
If you like, you can come up with a similar advertising trick yourself, and do without obvious fakes. For example, in [7] the calculated value of the average electrical power of a single pulse of high-voltage current generated by the Russian-made AIR-M140R is given: 1250...1260 watts, and this is not a fake. Great, now you can specify in advertising and information materials: "The AIR-M140 product has a colossal, truly unsurpassed power - more than 1.25 kilowatts, which is 50 times higher than the characteristics of the Taser! Our shocker is cooler than an electric kettle!"
At the same time, we will keep silent that the average power should not be calculated for a single pulse, but for the entire set of pulses during exposure, i.e. taking into account their duration (typical value - 48 microseconds) and the repetition period (typical value - 6.4 milliseconds), while the pulse duty cycle (the ratio of the repetition period to the duration) is equal to 134, and taking into account the borehole, the actual average power during the exposure will be "only" about 9.5 watts, i.e. within the limits regulated by the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation for service ESCs.
You can even organize a competition for the best similar slogan, and even with a jingle with the sound of a thermonuclear explosion at the moment of the impact of the ASH on the target. It's worth thinking about it…
Comparison of Russian civil and service ESCs
Russian service ESCs outperform civilian ones by about 3 times in their characteristics. However, it does not follow from this that civilian ESCs are weak and have a bad effect on the target, and for the police it is necessary to reliably defeat the target. The point is completely different: civilian and service ESCs are used in radically different operational and tactical situations and solve different tasks.
The main task of the user of a civil ESH is to protect himself or his loved ones from the aggressive actions of the offender. There are two possible solutions to this problem:
to frighten the enemy and reduce his aggression by threatening to use ESH, for example, using a loud crackle that occurs between protective electrodes when the ESH is turned on (most often found in the practice of conflict resolution between civilians). In this case, the main property of the ESH is not the output power, but the volume, frequency and tone of the sound of the discharges;
apply ASH to an aggressive enemy, ensuring his temporary immobilization or escape, respectively, the possibility of his own subsequent retreat, while the villain recovers from the electric shock.
Since exposure to modern domestic civilian ESH has a noticeable aftereffect (the target continues to experience severe pain, dizziness and muscle weakness for some time after the end of exposure to ESH), retreat (in fact, flight from the conflict site) is quite possible and even appropriate for civilians who do not have special skills in detaining offenders.
It should be noted that with an output voltage of 50 kV and above, the villain's clothes are not an obstacle even in winter, and a power of 3 watts allows you to successfully hit the enemy (which is confirmed by repeated biomedical tests of the ASH), especially since, as mentioned earlier, it is more than 2 times higher, than their American counterparts (see the previous section), despite the fact that they have similar forms of high-voltage current pulses (but the pulse repetition rate is much higher).
The main task of the user of the service e–mail is to protect himself and/or third parties from the aggressive actions of the offender and detain him for subsequent legal actions.
This task differs significantly from the tasks of civilian ESCs, including in terms of operational and tactical situations that arise when solving it.
Such differences are not limited to the following.
Law enforcement officers have to deal not only with a threatening or attacking person, but also with a fleeing offender.
It is often not possible to apply the service ESH to one target during the maximum exposure time (sometimes it is necessary to quickly apply the ESH sequentially to several targets), therefore, to obtain the same effect with short-term exposure, it is necessary to have a product of higher power.
civilian self–defense weapons for individuals or "civilian" ESCs [1],
special means for law enforcement officers or "official" ESCs [2].
The terms "civilian" and "service" ESH are not entirely correct (ESH do not refer to service weapons), but for convenience of description we will use these terms.
The output parameters of the "civilian" ESU are regulated by GOST 50940-96 [3], and special equipment – OST 78.01.0009-2002 [4].
In accordance with [3], the average power of exposure to ESH for citizens should not exceed 3 watts.
Similar parameters for "service" ESCs are three times higher (30 J for the maximum exposure time and, accordingly, 10 watts).
Many people suspect that civilian 3-watt ESCs have such a weak effect on offenders that their use is simply unsafe for users (the attacker will not be stunned, but will get angry and attack the user with a vengeance).
In addition, there is a rumor that American "tasers" (or "tasers", who transcribes how) much more powerful than our ESUS, for example, allegedly CEW (Conducted Energy Weapon – ESU) models Taser M26, Taser X26E, Taser X26P have an impact power of 26 watts, which is reflected in their names, i.e. much higher than the ESU produced in the Russian Federation.
We propose to deal with these issues on the merits.
Comparison of domestic ESCs with Taser CEW family 26.
In the USA, the output power (output energy) given to the load of the ASH (target) is not regulated at all! The output parameters of the ESU are estimated by determining the average exposure current at a load resistance of 600 ohms or (equivalently) the electric charge given to this load (the electric charge is calculated as the integral of the exposure current over the exposure time). Therefore, references to an output power of 26 watts are untenable, since it is never measured (or even calculated) by either the manufacturer or the scientific laboratories conducting the ESU tests.
Indeed, in the literature it is sometimes possible to find an indication of the power of 26 watts of the Taser M26 product, however, this refers to a certain "Internal Power Rating" associated with energy consumption from the ESU (battery) power source*, and not the power of the high-voltage current pulse given to the load (which we are talking about when we give the parameters of domestic ESCs). By the way, it is difficult in the literature, but you can also find an indication of the power in the load, which for the Taser M26 is 10 watts, and for the Taser X26 is 1.3 Watts (with "internal power" already 7 watts, not 26 watts) [5].
Comparison of domestic ESCs with Taser CEW family 26
At the same time, the Taser X26, according to the manufacturers themselves, is a much more effective device (in the sense of providing temporary damage to the target), since it uses a different form of current pulses. But this is a completely different story.…
Thus, these 26 watts are just the "beauty" of the translation into Russian or some kind of advertising trick, which will be proved below.
[6] provides data on measuring the output parameters of the Taser X26P ESH (the P index means "intended for use by the police", therefore its output parameters are higher than those of civilian ESH).
[7] shows the calculation data (not measurements!) the average power and energy of the Taser ASH exposure based on the data [6]. For the Taser X26P ASHU, the average output power is 1.25 watts, and the energy given off during the maximum exposure time (for this product - 5 seconds, not 3 seconds, allowed in the Russian Federation) is 6.25 J. If we assume that the exposure time is also 3 seconds, then this parameter will be even less, namely 3.75 J!
Thus, even Taser family police ESCs have significantly lower power output compared to Russian civilian ESCs.
It should be noted that even with this power, the probability of temporary injury (immobilization) of an offender or attacker in these ESCs at distances of 1 ...5 m is very high, even higher than in firearms (long-term statistics on the use of ESCs by police officers in the United States confirm this, see, for example, [8]).
Why, nevertheless, a reliable temporary defeat of the target occurs with such a small energy is another question, for example, there is a consideration that such an effect is provided not only by the shape and amplitude of current pulses, but also by the geometric volume of their propagation (the so–called "set of current paths" in the target body [9]). Perhaps that is why all American remote ESCs** (contact ESCs are not currently manufactured in the USA) are designed so that the discrepancy between the probes on the target is at least 30...40 cm.
In Russian ESH and DESH, the distance between the output (combat) electrodes or between the probes is strictly regulated in [3,4]: no more than 40 mm between the electrodes and 300 mm between the probes. Perhaps that is why their output power should be higher than that of American ESCs (to obtain the desired damaging effect).
Comparison of domestic ESCs with Taser CEW family 26
So, the output power and energy of Russian–made civilian ESCs significantly exceed similar parameters of US-made ESCs, and the American supposedly 26 watts is nothing more than a fake.
For an example of similar fakes, let's recall that Chinese ASHU advertise like this: "Stun guns with an output voltage of 500,000 volts, 1 million volts..." etc. Cool, right? But it absolutely does not correspond to reality, since they do not even have 100 KV (usually 50 ... 60 KV), and the output current (in fact, it is the high–voltage pulse current that affects the target) is scanty and it does not have a real effect on the target.
If you like, you can come up with a similar advertising trick yourself, and do without obvious fakes. For example, in [7] the calculated value of the average electrical power of a single pulse of high-voltage current generated by the Russian-made AIR-M140R is given: 1250...1260 watts, and this is not a fake. Great, now you can specify in advertising and information materials: "The AIR-M140 product has a colossal, truly unsurpassed power - more than 1.25 kilowatts, which is 50 times higher than the characteristics of the Taser! Our shocker is cooler than an electric kettle!"
At the same time, we will keep silent that the average power should not be calculated for a single pulse, but for the entire set of pulses during exposure, i.e. taking into account their duration (typical value - 48 microseconds) and the repetition period (typical value - 6.4 milliseconds), while the pulse duty cycle (the ratio of the repetition period to the duration) is equal to 134, and taking into account the borehole, the actual average power during the exposure will be "only" about 9.5 watts, i.e. within the limits regulated by the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation for service ESCs.
You can even organize a competition for the best similar slogan, and even with a jingle with the sound of a thermonuclear explosion at the moment of the impact of the ASH on the target. It's worth thinking about it…
Comparison of Russian civil and service ESCs
Russian service ESCs outperform civilian ones by about 3 times in their characteristics. However, it does not follow from this that civilian ESCs are weak and have a bad effect on the target, and for the police it is necessary to reliably defeat the target. The point is completely different: civilian and service ESCs are used in radically different operational and tactical situations and solve different tasks.
The main task of the user of a civil ESH is to protect himself or his loved ones from the aggressive actions of the offender. There are two possible solutions to this problem:
to frighten the enemy and reduce his aggression by threatening to use ESH, for example, using a loud crackle that occurs between protective electrodes when the ESH is turned on (most often found in the practice of conflict resolution between civilians). In this case, the main property of the ESH is not the output power, but the volume, frequency and tone of the sound of the discharges;
apply ASH to an aggressive enemy, ensuring his temporary immobilization or escape, respectively, the possibility of his own subsequent retreat, while the villain recovers from the electric shock.
Since exposure to modern domestic civilian ESH has a noticeable aftereffect (the target continues to experience severe pain, dizziness and muscle weakness for some time after the end of exposure to ESH), retreat (in fact, flight from the conflict site) is quite possible and even appropriate for civilians who do not have special skills in detaining offenders.
It should be noted that with an output voltage of 50 kV and above, the villain's clothes are not an obstacle even in winter, and a power of 3 watts allows you to successfully hit the enemy (which is confirmed by repeated biomedical tests of the ASH), especially since, as mentioned earlier, it is more than 2 times higher, than their American counterparts (see the previous section), despite the fact that they have similar forms of high-voltage current pulses (but the pulse repetition rate is much higher).
The main task of the user of the service e–mail is to protect himself and/or third parties from the aggressive actions of the offender and detain him for subsequent legal actions.
This task differs significantly from the tasks of civilian ESCs, including in terms of operational and tactical situations that arise when solving it.
Such differences are not limited to the following.
Law enforcement officers have to deal not only with a threatening or attacking person, but also with a fleeing offender.
It is often not possible to apply the service ESH to one target during the maximum exposure time (sometimes it is necessary to quickly apply the ESH sequentially to several targets), therefore, to obtain the same effect with short-term exposure, it is necessary to have a product of higher power.
Download the electronic version of the Catalog of electroshock self-defense weapons:
.pdf
Proper use of ASH and shields
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